The Rationality of Probabilities for Actions in Decision...

The Rationality of Probabilities for Actions in Decision Theory ABSTRACT: Spohns decision model, an advancement of Fishburns theory, is valuable for making explicit the principle used also by other thinkers that any adequate quantitative decision model must not explicitly or implicitly contain any subjective probabilities for acts. This principle is not used in the decision theories of Jeffrey or of Luce and Krantz. According to Spohn, this principle is important because it has effects on the term of action, on Newcombs problem, and on the theory of causality and the freedom of the will. On the one hand, I will argue against Spohn with Jeffrey that the principle has to be given up. On the other, I will try to argue against†¦show more content†¦In 1969 Robert Nozick introduced Newcombs problem to the philosophic community as a conflict between the principle of expected utility maximization and the principle of dominance. Nozicks introduction led to a Newcombmania (Levi 1982), because philosophers have decisively different opinions about t he correct solution to this problem. The Newcombmania showed itself in the development of causal and evidential decision theories and other proposals. Because the evidential theories (for example Jeffrey 1965, 1983) do not use the principle, they cannot give a solution to Newcombs problem in case you accept the principle. The causal theories which use subjunctive conditionals (for example Lewis 1981) are problematical, because they still have to provide a logic of subjunctive conditionals, a probability theory for subjunctive conditionals and a corresponding decision theory. Because Skyrms (1980) causal theory and Kyburgs (1980) proposal of epistemic vs. stochastic independence also dont use the principle, only Spohns solution (1978) to Newcombs problem is left. This solution which recommends taking both boxes is valuable for its simplicity in contrast to the theories with subjunctive conditionals. According to Spohn it is a mistake to use probabilities conditionalized on actions fo r the results of the prediction, if the prediction is earlier than the choice. According to Spohn it is right that theShow MoreRelatedStudy Stock Market Trends : Ron Insana. Investments Don t Always Work As Planned On Wall Street1487 Words   |  6 Pagesparticular investment. Game theory applies to industrial organizations, labor markets and pricing. Game theory rarely applies to finance. The Nash equilibrium is a term used in game theory to describe equilibrium where each player s strategy is optimal given the strategies of all other players. A Nash Equilibrium exists when there is no unilateral profitable deviation from the players involved. In other words, no player in the game would execute a different action as long as every other playerRead MoreTheory Of Games And Economic Behaviour968 Words   |  4 PagesAlthough rationality provides the foundation for behavioural decision theory, current findings suggest that heuristics and biases have a significant impact on individual decision making. Rationality can only go so far in explaining individual decision making. A large part of early research into decision theory was based on the economic or normative approach, which tries to predict the actions of a so called ‘rational decision maker’. Although Bernoulli (1738) was the first to introduce the conceptRead MoreWhy Are People Concerned With Danger?1300 Words   |  6 PagesTwo possible conditions that lead people to embrace such a state of mind are proletariat oppression and rationality. Workers, oppressed by a capitalist system that uses their labor for hardly anything in return, revolt to overturn or reform that system and achieve more power for themselves as a class. In terms of rationality, people decide to join in a rebellion if there is a high probability of success and the possible gains outweigh the possible costs of punishment. Victim of class dominationRead MoreEquilibrium Is Virtually Useless : An Argument Between The Conceptuality And The Practicality Of Nash Equilibrium1342 Words   |  6 Pagesinto what economics is about, which is the study of social and human interaction and rational decision making quantitatively. Nash equilibrium can act as a tool to provide an insight into such interaction. In the first part of this essay, I am going to evaluate why the statement ‘economics without the concept of Nash equilibrium is conceptually flawed’ is true, by looking into the importance of rationality in economics and the mechanism of the Nash equilibrium. In the second part, I am going to assessRead MoreDecision Making Biases And The Deepwater Disaster830 Words   |  4 PagesDecision making biases played a devastating role in the Deepwater Disaster. The biases that were present are; representativeness heuristic, overconfidence bias, confirmation bias and escalation of commitment bias. Based on my findings, to some extent, each of the following biases contributed to the Deepwater Disaster. Representativeness heuristic, as stated in our text books is often used when people estimate the probability of an event occurring. It reflects the tendency to assess the likelihoodRead MoreDesicion Making and Problem Solving1114 Words   |  5 Pagesgovernmental organizations--is largely work of making decisions and solving problems. It is work of choosing issues that require attention, setting goals, finding or designing suitable courses of action, and evaluating and choosing among alternative actions. The first three of these activities--fixing agendas, setting goals, and designing actions--are usually called problem solving; the last, evaluating and choosing, is usually called decision making. Nothing is more important for the well-being ofRead MorePredicting Preferences1636 Words   |  7 PagesPredicting Preferences Prediction involves making a statement concerning the likely value of an event or action uncertain or unknown at the time of the statement. Since the theory of probability, (inaugurated by the French mathematicians Blaise Pascal and Pierre Fermat in 1654), was developed to quantify uncertain events in terms of their likelihood of occurrence, formal prediction is now viewed as a mathematical topic involving probabilistic modeling. Indeed, the mathematician Karl Pearson saidRead MoreProspect Theory And Expected Utility Theory1419 Words   |  6 PagesEssay Introduction Negotiations and decisions are act as key counterparts in every business. A clear definition as well as the recognition of core elements surrounding the decision making process is required to reach a suitable decision. These approaches purpose to be achieved clear concerns before a final decision-making. This paper will outline prospect theory and discuss the differences between prospect theory and expected utility theory. Following will be, as explanation of the biases and heuristicsRead MoreRationality Is A Common Good2044 Words   |  9 PagesRationality is present all days in your life, and you don’t realize it. When you wake up and choose what are you going to wear, what you are going to have for breakfast or at what time you have to go out to work, you are using rationality. We choose depending on how coherent is our choice. â€Å"Rationalism in philosophy consists of arriving at substantive conclusions without appealing to any data†, stated Ken Binmore. This mea ns that if we think that something is good, meaning that it is good for everyoneRead MoreRational Choice Theory Criminology1151 Words   |  5 Pagesfew dozen theories in just a few weeks. However one theory seems to show up more than the others, and is the more dominant explanation in describing criminal behavior. This concept is referred to as Rational Choice Theory. Over time theories have been produced to explain and help understand what leads to criminal behavior. The reason why people have studied these theories so closely is because of the helpful nature it provides to professionals. It allows them to make informed decisions on treatment

Cfa Study Guide - 15531 Words

STUDY SESSION 1 ETHICAL AND PROFESSIONAL STANDARDS T he readings in this study session present a framework for ethical conduct in the investment profession by focusing on the CFA Institute Code of Ethics and Standards of Professional Conduct as well as the Global Investment Performance Standards (GIPS ®). The principles and guidance presented in the CFA Institute Standards of Practice Handbook (SOPH) form the basis for the CFA Institute self-regulatory program to maintain the highest professional standards among investment practitioners. â€Å"Guidance† in the SOPH addresses the practical application of the Code and Standards. The guidance reviews the purpose and scope of each standard, presents recommended procedures for compliance,†¦show more content†¦The time value of money concept is one of the main principles of financial valuation. The calculations based on this principle (e.g., present value, future value, and internal rate of return) are the basic tools used to support corporate finance decisions and estimate the fair value of fixed income, equity, or any other type of security or investment. Similarly, the basic concepts of statistics and probability theory constitute the essential tools used in describing the main statistical properties of a population and u nderstanding and applying various probability concepts in practice. READING ASSIGNMENTS Reading 5 The Time Value of Money Quantitative Methods for Investment Analysis, Second Edition, by Richard A. DeFusco, CFA, Dennis W. McLeavey, CFA, Jerald E. Pinto, CFA, and David E. Runkle, CFA Discounted Cash Flow Applications Quantitative Methods for Investment Analysis, Second Edition, by Richard A. DeFusco, CFA, Dennis W. McLeavey, CFA, Jerald E. Pinto, CFA, and David E. Runkle, CFA Statistical Concepts and Market Returns Quantitative Methods for Investment Analysis, Second Edition, by Richard A. DeFusco, CFA, Dennis W. McLeavey, CFA, Jerald E. Pinto, CFA, and David E. Runkle, CFA Probability Concepts Quantitative Methods for Investment Analysis, Second Edition, by Richard A. DeFusco, CFA, Dennis W. McLeavey, CFA, Jerald E. Pinto, CFA, and David E. Runkle, CFA Reading 6 Reading 7 Reading 8 www.cfainstitute.org/toolkit—Your online preparationShow MoreRelatedThe Code Of Ethics And Its Ethical Standards Essay1311 Words   |  6 Pagescountry to country. As a CFA member, you are obligated to adhere to the code and its ethical standards. High ethical standards are imperative in preserving the public’s faith in economic markets and in the investments profession as a whole. CFA Institute members must follow the Code and Standards. If members do not abide by the code, sanctions may be imposed. Sanctions consist of cancelation of membership to the CFA institute, withdrawal of suitable candidacy in the CFA program, and lastly prohibitionRead MoreThe Rate Of Childhood Obesity1575 Words   |  7 Pagesdifficult to make head way or even initiate a program. Thus in this paper, the author will summarize findings on a qualitative research conducted on the perception of children about their body image; the understanding of parents in their role as guides to their child’s nutrition and physical activity; the role of the school personnel, and finally the school nurses perception of self-efficacy, perceived benefit and perceived barrier in addressing childhood obesity at the school setting. â€Æ' The obesityRead MorePrinciples Of Finance 350 : Investment Principles1473 Words   |  6 Pagesstrategies that Hewlett Foundation may use to reduce market volatility in cases where there are low profits (Fabozzi et al., 430). Additionally, return overlay programs often work handy with absolute return portfolio. They are usually based after a careful study on the historical performance and risk exposure of the foundation. Equitization return program ensures that a company’s managed accounts are in the market for the profit making purpose. This is done by ensuring all the available cash are invested inRead MoreEvaluating and Criticizing the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS)1079 Words   |  5 Pagesstatistical backing of their claims to the instruments themselves and not their purported notion of independence. Moreover, using Confirmatory Factorial Analysis (CFA), it was reported that, in both scales, there were only two items that were, as Watson et al (1988) claimed, statistically independent (r =-.10)(Mackinnon et al., 1999). CFA is a statistical technique that â€Å"is useful when researchers have clear (or competing) hypotheses about a scale—in this case—the links b etween specific items andRead MoreIndian And Indigenous Knowledge As Well As Giving An Insight1557 Words   |  7 Pagesenvironment. Although the knowledge of indigenous people has not influenced the knowledge used in Australian society to a great extent, it has been of beneficial use in the prevention and management of fire for the Victorian Country Fire Authority (CFA) and other fire services. Over recent years, a number of fire authority services have begun working in collaboration with indigenous communities all around Australia, in order to gain a greater knowledge and understanding of how to better manage andRead MoreOrganizational Culture And Ethical Values1604 Words   |  7 Pagesin an organization since they determine how individuals relate with one another within an organization. Ethical values are the ones which guide individuals in upholding good morals within an organization. The purpose of this study is to understand what an organizational culture is as well as the ethical values required in an organization. In addition, this study aims at showing how ethical values can be used in an organization in fostering good relationships within and outside an organization. TheRead MoreAnalysis1340 Words   |  6 Pagesassociated with a statistical decision of it being wrong. To quantify the amount of chance due to sampling error, basic probability concepts are indispensable via modeling sampled populations and testing of research hypotheses. Probability is the guide for a good life and successful business. The concept of probability occupies an important place in the decision-making process. Few decision making situations is perfect information - all the needed facts - available. Most decisions are made in theRead MoreCareer Advancement Within The Investment Management Industry2132 Words   |  9 Pagesinfluential form relating investment management comes from degrees and certifications. One of the most prestigious and respected investment designation s is the Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) certification. â€Å"The designation is globally accredited in the financial industry for its intense focus on investment knowledge The CFA charter is known as the â€Å"gold standard† of all financial analyst designations† (cfainstitute.org, 2015). The program covers concepts and skills you use at all stages of a Wealth ManagementRead MoreSupply, Demand, and Government in the Markets803 Words   |  4 Pages Colander, D. C. (2008). Macroeconomics(7th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Cram, P. (2014). Price ceiling. The Smartacus Corporation. www.college-cram.com/study/economics/government-intervention/price-ceiling/ (2014). Microeconomics- Effect of taxes on supply and demand. Investopedia. www.investopidia.com/exam-guide/cfa-level-1/microeconomics/tax-effects.aspRead MoreOptimum Capital Structure Of Costco Sale1668 Words   |  7 Pagesshareholders or borrowing money from financial institution in form of equity. It has been a serious process for many organizations to raise capital which automatically has business and financial risks involved. However, two known authors in this field of study believe that companies with low business risk obtains factors of production at a lower cost which may also pave to the ability of the firm to operate more efficiently (Amit Wernerfet, 1990). Therefore, many stockholders faced a high of uncertainty;

Frees No Innocence in Catcher in the Rye C Essay Example For Students

Frees No Innocence in Catcher in the Rye C Essay atcher Rye EssaysNo Innocence in Catcher in the Rye Probably the greatest irony of the novel is the fact that, despite his love of childhood innocence, Holden is and acts far from innocent himself. In fact, he is its antithesis. He acts that way for many reasons. First of all, he has so many responsibilities. Second, he never fits in with the crowd, and finally, he never gets any real help for the problems that he deals with. Holden does have a love for childhood innocence as seen across the book. For example, on page two hundred and one Somebodyd written Fuck you on the wall. It drove me damn near crazy. I thought how Phoebe and all the other little kids would see it, and how theyd wonder what the hell it meant, and then finally some dirty kid would tell them-cockeyed naturally- what it meant, and how theyd all think about it and maybe even worry about it for a couple of days. I kept wanting to kill whoeverd written it But I rubbed it The fuck you written on the wall out anyway. Another example is on page two hundred and eight, So shut up. It was the first time she Phoebe ever told me to shut up. It sounded terrible. God, it sounded terrible. It sounded worse than swearing. There is one more outstanding quotation from the novel which is found on page two hundred and thirteen. I felt so damn happy all of a sudden, the way old Phoebe was going around and around the carousel. All these examples clearly show that Holden appreciated childhood innocence to a great extent. Yet Holden acts the opposite. The irony in this novel is Holdens behavior, which is far from being innocent. He smokes, drinks, always depressed, thinks about suicide, thinks about going embarking to a far place, and has people tell and act in many weird ways. There are three main reasons why he acts this way. Firstly, Holden being only sixteen years of age already has so much responsibility. He has to get money for food and travel. When he travels he has to make sure he doesnt get lost, and actually gets there. He has to make sure that he doesnt flunk school. For a sixteen year old boy this is a challenge all by itself, but there are still more reasons that his life is so difficult. Secondly, he never had anyone actually sit down with him, and figure out the core of his problems. For example, when Allie died his parents didnt send him to a psychologist so that the he can help Holden deal with the immense pain, instead his parents sent him to boarding school. When Holden was kicked out of a schools it didnt seem like the parents tried understand why he was kicked out, and how they could help, instead they sent him to another school. When Holden drank and smoked nobody bothered telling him it was harmful. It seems as if his parents and the people around him didnt really mind if he failed. Holden cant fix all the problems by himself. He needs help, but if there is none then there is no way he can act innocent. Lastly, he never fits in with the crowd. Most likely because his personality is so different from everybody elses. He cant stay himself when he talks to different people. For example when he talked to the nuns in the cafe, he actually talked seriously without lying. .u414496f5268501c1ad4454dcce31a10f , .u414496f5268501c1ad4454dcce31a10f .postImageUrl , .u414496f5268501c1ad4454dcce31a10f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u414496f5268501c1ad4454dcce31a10f , .u414496f5268501c1ad4454dcce31a10f:hover , .u414496f5268501c1ad4454dcce31a10f:visited , .u414496f5268501c1ad4454dcce31a10f:active { border:0!important; } .u414496f5268501c1ad4454dcce31a10f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u414496f5268501c1ad4454dcce31a10f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u414496f5268501c1ad4454dcce31a10f:active , .u414496f5268501c1ad4454dcce31a10f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u414496f5268501c1ad4454dcce31a10f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u414496f5268501c1ad4454dcce31a10f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u414496f5268501c1ad4454dcce31a10f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u414496f5268501c1ad4454dcce31a10f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u414496f5268501c1ad4454dcce31a10f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u414496f5268501c1ad4454dcce31a10f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u414496f5268501c1ad4454dcce31a10f .u414496f5268501c1ad4454dcce31a10f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u414496f5268501c1ad4454dcce31a10f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Rosa Parks Essay When Holden talks to Phoebe he lets out his thoughts and feelings. While with Mrs. Morrow, as Holden says, Then I started shooting the old crap around.. . Because he cant communicate with people he feels depressed which makes him do such foolish things as smoke, drink, ordering a prostitute, and just leaving everything that he has behind to travel to someplace far. Holden faces three major problems in experiencing childhood innocence. He has too much responsibility. He doesnt have anyone to help him with his problems, and he doesnt fit in with the crowd. A sixteen year old, whose younger brother died, and parents ignore, and is facing all those problems cant possibly under any circumstances be innocent.

Ursa And Generations. Essays - Kryptonians, Ursa, Gayl Jones

Ursa And Generations. Ursa and Generations. It is difficult to come up with a logical explanation of why Ursa's doctors decided to remove her womb and therefore leaving her infertile after suffering a fall down the stairs. She was described as three months pregnant at the time of the fall, so her losing the fetus makes sense, but this hardly seems to justify taking her womb out. Ursa places full blame on Mutt and he stands out as the logical person toward whom she harbors all of her resentment. He was drunk at the time of her accident and from prior account Mutt was insanely jealous, protective and did not want Ursa working. One can not help but wonder how many black women during this period of American History were given hysterectomies for irrational reasons. It seems Ursa's emotions are pulled in different directions. Unfortunately, she not only had to deal with the physical and emotional pain of not being able to bear children but also confronted the reality that the history of her family and Corregidora would end with her. At times, I found it selfish of Great-Gram and Gram to burden the story of Corregidora on Ursa at such a young age. I understand that they did not wish their history and memories to die with them, but the way in which Ursa responds with her emotions indicated to me she was traumatized by their memories. Once she became infertile, she was not able to completely heal emotionally, and she felt she was not complete or not woman enough because she did not have a womb. Ursa became the vessel of Gram's and Great-Gram's unrecorded history, and even if she did not know it, she was filled with all their hurt, anger and humiliation. The way for her to release these feelings would have been to create generations and pass on the family story, something the surgical removal of her womb denied her. When she goes back to Mutt in the end, it may seem that she has gone in a circle and back to the man who hurt her to begin with, but I believe she had finally healed and not only had forgiven him but the generations before her and even herself for letting her Gram and Great-Gram down. Cinema and Television

Movie Monsters essays

Movie Monsters essays The cinematic flop, Spiders, has many fictitious attributes about its main character the tarantula. I found that the movies greatest mistake was keeping the spider proportional to its weight. Hollywood seems to be perpetually failing when they create their movie monsters, and succeeded to fail with this movie also. Throughout the movie the tarantula becomes greater and greater in size. Starting out, the spider was consistent with the size found in nature. Each time a new spider was conceived it was many times larger then the last. The second spider was the size of a basket ball and showed the first symptoms of having to large of a body to support with the size of legs it had. After a few more generations the spider was the size of a house. The legs of the tarantulas legs were nowhere near the size needed to support its weight. The next problem our Hollywood creators failed to take into account is its sense organs. More noticeably towards the automobile sized generations, or the house sized generations eyes were incorrect. Both generations eyes were too large for sight purposes. As humans grow from baby to adults their eyes dont stay proportional to the bodys growth. The same law should be taken into account when building the monsters. Instead of eyes the size of basketballs and beach balls, they should be around the size of golf balls or racquetballs. The most entertaining mistake that the creator made was the way the spider moved. The first thing that caught my eye was an early generation spider that was roughly the size of a basket ball running across a pain of glass. In true life the surface of glass is to smooth for a spider its size to walk on. Later in the movie I witnessed the last generation of the spiders crawling on the side of a glass building. Given the size and weight of the spider, it would have no chance to grip the glass, and better yet the glass...

ACT Math Questions, and What to Do About It

How You'll Get Stuck in SAT/ACT Math Questions, and What to Do About It SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips So you’ve been staring at one math problem for what feels like forever, or maybe you’ve gone through your solve and none of the answer choices match what you found. Or maybe you just feel like somewhere along the way you made a huge mistake†¦. Well, never fear! Right now you might be stuck on a math problem, but we’ve all been there and there is always a way to recover. We’ll walk you through both how to recognize when you’re stuck (it’s not always obvious until too late) and what to do about it when it happens. Overall Test Structure The SAT math section and the ACT math section are designed and structured differently. Though many principles of how to solve a math problem (and how to get out of a math bind) will hold true for both tests, there are some unique pitfalls and benefits hidden in each test. So let’s look at a little background and structure for both the SAT and the ACT to give a better foundation for the kinds of ways you can get stuck on a math problem and how to get out of it. About the SAT Math Section The SAT math section requires that you put your mathematical knowledge to work in ways that may seem strange or unfamiliar to you. Most SAT math questions won't look like the kinds of questions you see on your math tests in school and this may be a challenge to deal with at first. But while the questions may be unusual, each and every math topic used on the test is one that you are likely familiar with and have studied for a number of years. If you’re not used to the structure of the SAT, there are two main ways you can find yourself trapped into the no-man’s-land of selecting wrong answers: by overestimating the difficulty of each question or by underestimating the difficulty of each question. (Yikes!) Some students get so turned around by the twisting and unusual presentation of the questions that they forget the fact that they will be familiar with most, if not every topic on the SAT math section. This kind of student tends to panic and either make wild guesses or leave many questions blank that she likely could have solved. Other students, however, go in the complete opposite direction and underestimate how tricky the questions on the SAT can be. Many questions (though not all) are set up in ways that will steer anyone who isn’t paying close attention off the right track. And all the answer choices on the multiple choice section are most often generated by common student errors, so it can be easy to fall for the many â€Å"bait† answer choices available. In the next section, we’ll show you how to tell when you’re falling into one of these traps and how to get out of it. About the ACT Math Section The ACT math section will occasionally give you a question that is set up in a strange or unfamiliar way, but for the most part, ACT math questions will be fairly â€Å"straightforward.† Do you know how to set up and solve for an average? Do you know what a rational number is? A significant portion of your ACT math questions will look just like the ones you've seen in school. Though many ACT math questions are far from easy, the presentation of the questions is not specifically designed to trick or trap you. ACT math questions are challenging mostly for two reasons: you will be on a much stricter time crunch than you would be on the SAT (see our article on the differences between ACT math and SAT math for more detail on this) and the topics in question may be more obscure to you. For instance, most students will be far less familiar with trigonometry or sequences than they are with single variable equations, but these are all topics that will be on the ACT. Because the ACT math section must be completed quickly, it's crucial that you realize when you’re going down the wrong mathematical path. So let’s take a look at how to spot it when it happens. Time is a precious resource on both tests, so it's important to change course quickly if something's going wrong. How to Tell When You’re Stuck (or Going Down the Wrong Path) Almost every math question on both the ACT and the SAT can be solved in 30 seconds or less. If you’re familiar with the material, you can absolutely solve almost every single math question with plenty of time to spare. In addition, each and every question on the test is designed in such a way that a student can solve it without a calculator. Though you should use a calculator on the test to boost your speed and accuracy, always keep in mind that you don’t technically need one. How does this knowledge help you? Well, if you find you’re going down the rabbit hole and need 30 steps to solve a problem, or if you start getting bizarre strings of decimals or weird root systems, then stop! If the problem is taking two or three minutes to solve or you think it would literally be impossible (or just really, really difficult) to solve without a calculator, then something went wrong and you should stop and go back to the beginning. Let’s look at a few examples of ACT and SAT problems and some common student errors to see this in action. Let’s say you got to this problem and were going so quickly through the test that you misread the word â€Å"area† and thought you were supposed to solve for the perimeter instead. This may seem like an obvious mistake right now, but never underestimate the effects of adrenaline and fatigue on your ability to think logically. It’s all too easy (and all too common) to make a mistake like this on the test and pay the price in lost time if you do. But if you read â€Å"area† as â€Å"perimeter,† then you would see that the â€Å"perimeter† of triangle DFH was 10, which would mean that each side was $10/3 = 3.33$. Hmm. This is already mighty suspicious. Remember- you should be able to solve any question without a calculator, so if you have decimal points, they will almost always be 0.5 or, more rarely, 0.25. To get a decimal of 0.33 is suspect. But if you kept going, you would find that each side of triangle DFH is made up of two sides of the smaller triangles. This would mean that the side of each smaller triangle was: $3.33/2 = 1.67$ Now a red alert should be sounding in your head! You’ve gotten two â€Å"weird† decimal values in a row and you still haven’t found your answer yet. It’s a good idea to pause and see if you’ve made a mistake somewhere before you waste time going any further. [Note: the way to actually solve the problem is to either find the area of each small triangle- $10/4 = 2.5$- and multiply by the total number of small triangles, or to set up a proportion of the area of DFH to AFK. Either way, your final answer will be E, 62.5] Now let’s take a look at another example, Last time, we said that perhaps you simply misread the problem. This time, maybe you thought you knew enough about the topic to solve the problem, but ended up stuck halfway through. For instance, let’s say you were familiar enough with quadratic equations to recognize that this was one, but didn’t know a whole lot else about them. Well it says that the value of $x$ is -3, so that must mean we replace $x$ with -3 and solve from there, right? $x^2 + mx + n = 0$ $-3^2 + 3m + n = 0$ $9 + 3m + n = 0$ Hmm. Well this doesn’t look promising. We could try to isolate $m$ to find it’s value, in which case we would say: $3m + n = -9$ $3m + -9 - n$ $m = -3 - {n/3}$ But we still don’t know the value of $n$, so that doesn’t help us much. We could try to factor it, but without knowing the value of $n$, we still can’t find $m$. We’re well and truly stuck. [Note: the way to solve the problem is by understanding how factoring quadratic equations works at its core. If -3 is the only value for $x$, then it must mean that our quadratic factors out to be a square. Our factors must therefore look like: (x + 3)(x + 3) for $x$ to equal -3 since $x + 3 = 0$ = $x = -3$. If we properly distribute $(x + 3)^2$, we will get $x^2 + 6x + 9 = 0$, which means the answer is C, $m = 6$.] Sometimes, you’ll be able to see pretty quickly (as with our first example) when you’re going wrong, and sometimes it will take a few steps before you hit a wall (as with our second example). But, as you get more practice solving SAT and ACT math questions, you’ll start to get instincts to feel when you’ve taken a left turn somewhere, and this is the point at which you must take a step back. But what do you do once you realize you’ve run into a problem? Let’s take a look. We can save this, not to worry. Well...probably. Pretty sure. (Gross) What to Do When You’re Stuck As you go through your test, answer your questions by following these steps: Step 1: Always Answer the Easiest Questions First As a general rule of thumb when taking the either the SAT or the ACT, always root out and answer the questions you can complete the fastest and with the most confidence. Remember- each and every question is worth one point, so it doesn’t matter if it was the easiest problem or the hardest. No one is judging how you complete your test, so don’t feel you have to ignore the simpler problems for the sake of the more difficult ones. Get your points where you can and keep moving forward. The ACT math section is arranged in ascending order of difficulty, so the earliest questions will also be the "easiest." The SAT is a little more complicated, since the math portion of the test is divided into three sections- two entirely multiple choice and one combination multiple choice and grid-in. SAT multiple choice questions are also arranged in order of ascending difficulty (so the early questions will also be "easiest"), but the difficulty level resets for the grid-in section. This means that the first question on the grid-in portion will be much easier than the last multiple choice question in that math section. Be especially careful in the combination multiple choice and grid-in SAT math section for this reason. If any question starts to give you trouble or seems to be taking a long time, mark it and come back to it only after you’ve completed all of your easy questions. Once you’ve identified these potential â€Å"problem questions,† approach them based on why they were problematic in the first place. Step 2: If You Can See Your Error, Redo the Problem Once you’ve identified that you’re going down the wrong track, stop working and read the question again. Did you try to find the wrong variable? For instance, did you solve for $a$ instead of $2a$, the perimeter instead of the area? Did you write down the wrong values for your givens? Or did you realize you simply don’t know enough about, for instance, functions to solve the problem? If you can spot your error and correct it in a few seconds, go ahead and start over and solve the problem again the right way. If you really think you can solve the problem this time, then it’s definitely worth your time to work through it again. If you can’t spot why or how you went wrong (just that you did), move on to the next step. Step 3: If You Can't See the Error, Find an Alternative Solving Method Sometimes you might know enough about the topic (or are just familiar enough with the test) to see that you don't know how to solve a particular problem in the traditional way. Now is a good time to turn to one of your alternate solving methods, namely plugging in answers or plugging in your own numbers. Let’s say that you went up against this question: Maybe you didn’t know where to begin, or maybe you attempted the problem and felt that you started getting trapped in the algebra. Well luckily, there is almost always another way to solve any ACT or SAT question! In this case, we have variables in both the problem and in the answer choices, which is a key feature for a PIN question. With that in mind, we can pick our own value for $x$ and find the answer choice that corresponds to this value. Let’s say that we said $x = 2$. (Why 2? Why not!) Now we find the value of our given function. ${x + 1}/{x^3 - x}$ ${2 + 1}/{2^3 - 2}$ $3/6$ $1/2$ Now we need to find which answer choice is equivalent to $1/2$, when we use the same value of $x$ ($x = 2$). Answer choice F gives us: $1/{x^2} - 1/{x^3}$ $1/4 - 1/8$ $1/8$ This does not match our found value of $1/2$, so we can eliminate answer choice F. Answer choice G gives us: $1/{x^3} - 1/x$ $1/8 - 1/2$ $-{3/8}$ This does not match our found value of $1/2$, so we can eliminate answer choice G. Answer choice H gives us: $1/{x^2 - 1}$ $1/{4 - 1}$ $1/3$ This does not match our found value of $1/2$, so we can eliminate answer choice H. Answer choice J gives us: $1/{x^2 - x}$ $1/{4 - 2}$ $1/2$ This does match our found answer of $1/2$, so we can keep answer J in the running. We should still test answer choice K, however, just to make sure we do not have any duplicate correct answers. Answer choice K gives us: $1/{x^3}$ $1/8$ This does not match our found answer of $1/2$. We can eliminate answer choice K. This leaves us with only one answer that matches what we found as our given when $x = 2$. This means that answer choice J (and only answer choice J) must be correct. Our final answer is J, $1/{x^2 - x}$ Step 4: If Your Alternate Solve Doesn't Work, Move On Sometimes taking a standardized test means learning to let go of a question. Your time is precious and limited, so if you can solve two questions in the time it takes you to solve one, it’s always best to solve the two. If you find yourself trapped on a question and can’t find any way to solve it, let it go (for now). If you’re taking the ACT, bubble in your best guess answer, but do so lightly enough that you can come back and change it later, time permitting. If you’re taking the SAT, simply skip the question for now (don’t bubble in a guess!) and come back later. If you have time after you’re done with the rest of your questions, come back to any that you had to skip or bubble a guess on. Sometimes all you need is fresh eyes, and then the method to solve the problem will become apparent. If you still can’t find the correct answer in any of the â€Å"traditional† ways, you can try to strategically eliminate answer choices until you’ve at least narrowed down your odds. For more information on how to do this, check out our guides for how to best guess on the SAT math section and how to best guess on the ACT math section. Otherwise, simply let it stay blank (if taking the SAT) or stick with your first guess answer (if taking the ACT). Learning to let go of a problem can be just as important as learning when to stick with a problem and try an alternate solving method. The more you practice, the better you'll get at balancing these techniques. The Take-Aways The more practice you have with taking standardized tests, the more skilled you’ll become at spotting your mistakes and heading them off at the pass. So don’t despair if it seems like an impossible task right now- you’ll get better at it. Be sure to practice on quality ACT and SAT study materials and stop if you feel any misgivings while solving any particular question. Remember- if it takes more than 30 seconds, or you think you would absolutely need a calculator, you’re probably on the wrong track. Take a breath, back up, and see where and how you can resolve the problem. And don’t be afraid to let a question go if you need to. One question won’t matter too much in the long run, but getting stuck for five minutes will absolutely take away time from other questions and have a detrimental impact on your final score. What’s Next? Worried about your math formulas? Learn which formulas you'll need to memorize for the ACT, which formulas you'll need to know for the SAT, and how to put your formulas to their greatest effect on both the ACT and the SAT. Running out of time on your math sections? Learn how to beat the clock on both the ACT and the SAT so you can reach your greatest potential in the time allowed. Trying not to procrastinate? Our guide will help you beat those procrastination urges and get you back on track. Want to get a perfect math score? Check out how to get a perfect 36 on the ACT math section or a perfect 800 on the SAT math section. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this Math strategy guide, you'll love our program. Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands of practice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Check out our 5-day free trial: Disappointed with your ACT scores? Want to improve your ACT score by 4+ points? Download our free guide to the top 5 strategies you need in your prep to improve your ACT score dramatically.

Ashima's pregnancy experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ashima's pregnancy experience - Essay Example Therefore, Ashimas’s first pregnancy brings her significant outcomes in order to give a birth. She feels abnormal to raise a child in a foreign country. She is concerned by her first experience in the hospital, and she feels discomfort because of her family members’ absence during her pregnancy. Ashima is worried by the fact that she is going to raise a child far away from her parents. It is extremely difficult for her to give birth, and raise a child in a strange country where she knows almost nothing. Therefore, she feels lonely and more worried than anything else. Even though becoming a mother brings her satisfaction in her life just like her ancestry, â€Å"she is terrified to raise a child in a country where she is related to no one, where she knows so little, where life seems so tentative and spare† (Lahiri p.6). Ashima is also concerned with giving birth in the hospital because she has a different belief from where she hails. The fact that she is going to deliver a child where people experience extreme difficulties makes her unhappy. She thinks that giving birth in a hospital is an unnecessary experience a woman should never undergo. She reasons that women in India feel more comfortable giving birth in their parents’ house than in the hospital. For instance, she mentions, â€Å"there is nothing to comfort her in the off-white tiles of the floor, the off-white panels of the ceiling, the white sheets tucked tightly into the bed† (Lahiri p.4). For these reasons, Ashima feels strange giving birth in the hospital. Ashima feels discomfort since she lacks relatives who can support her during her pregnancy. Being pregnant in a strange country without her mother’s and grandmother’s support is the most difficult part for Ashima. She feels that she misses the most important people in her life. She has a different feeling due to the absence of her relatives during her baby’s birth. Furthermore, the birth of her baby brings her

Equal opportunity laws and reverse discrimination Essay

Equal opportunity laws and reverse discrimination - Essay Example Taking a controversial approach with respect to reverse his termination in the workplace, this essay will prove persuasively argue that because these programs promote discrimination themselves barely defeatist, and ironically promote the same type of behavior that they seek to eradicate. We now turn to an overview of the reasons for affirmative action and then follow with a rebuttal against reverse discrimination in the work force. As mentioned above, discrimination in the workforce affects different types of people from all walks of life. Women have faced historical discrimination for years and the Equal Pay Act (EPA) of 1963 was established to tackle the issues associated with wage-based discrimination. Due to the prevalence of sexism today, women still continue to earn less than their male counterparts. With respect to age, older workers face a variety of challenges in the labor force and the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) of 1967 seeks to protect people who are 40 years of age and older from discrimination. Looking at people disabilities, the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990 sought to ensure the full employability of people disabilities in modern society. With respect to visible minorities in the United States, the US federal government began its attempts at combating discrimination in the early 1960s. During this period, President John F. Kennedy issued Executive Order 10925 to i mplement â€Å"affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed, and that employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin." (The American Presidency Project, 2009). This was arguably the most important piece of legislation to pave the way for affirmative action in the United States. While the government has legislated many policies to tackle discrimination at work, these programs are inherently discriminatory themselves and promote exactly the type of

List Comparing And Contrasting Benefits And Burdens Of Industrialization Essay Example for Free

List Comparing And Contrasting Benefits And Burdens Of Industrialization Essay Industrialization in the first place led to increased production, through the dynamic changes in modes of production whereby it replaced the human labor with machines. This enlarged the societies from agricultural to industrial based societies. However though beneficial these industries over time have impacted negatively on the environment as they lead to environmental pollution e. g. through their emissions of harmful oxides into the atmosphere. It led to the development of cities and towns thus contributing to rural urban migrations by people to seek jobs/ employment in the cities. This movement to towns resulted to urbanization. Since now that the industries used machines production improved and became faster. This in return impacted negatively as more items were produced in bulky, leading to reduction of their market prices, as explained by the theory of supply and demand, â€Å" the higher the supply the lower the demand† (Hamilton 1995) Industrialization also led to expansion of trade and businesses throughout the world by offering a medium of transportation i.  e. through the rail roads. Due to this there was need for construction of more railroads which then created employment to the members of the society. During these constructions there was heavy clearance of vegetation, trees and forests to create enough space for building the roads and raw materials manufacturing industries. This resulted to environmental degradation as trees were fallen and the soil left bare. To add on the it resulted to pollution from the trains using the roads. Industrialization brought about new technology of learning that is writing in books, thus establishing paper manufacturing industries. This contributed to knowledge and ideas acquisition however it is disadvantageous in that it led to clearance of many tree species for pulp resulting to deforestation and species extinction. Reference Wolfgang. S, Angela. D. ( 1995). Disenchanted Night: The Industrialization of Light in the Nineteenth Century. Published by University of California Press: San Diego

Should There Be A Law Against Paparazzi? Essay -- essays research pape

How about creating a law against the use of telephoto lens and parabolic listening devices? How about creating a new crime—One that will penalize those persisting and persuading photographers, the Paparazzi also known to celebrities as stalkarazzi who follow the rich and famous for the thousand dollars snapshot that reveals some special, intimate moment or an embarrassing one. Should there be a law rebuking such act? Should there be strict laws preventing press photographers (paparazzi) from pursuing persons who do not want to be photograph? I believe there’s a symbolic relationship that exists between celebrities and photographer; they need each other to create the aura that feeds them both. And the general public needs that aura to feed its dream and fantasies. Without the paparazzi and the tabloids that sell better than an item greatly reduced in its sale price, the famous wouldn’t be famous. The glitter would fade away into gray mist like a fog. The famous gave up a large measure of privacy for the brighter, larger world of glitter. It’s living globally, everyone knows where you are and when and also every gritty little detail of your personal lifestyle. Privacy is not part of language. Photographers do have the right to follow public figures, newsmakers, and celebrities in order to snap their photos. A line should be drawn as to peering over a wall or chasing a limo to get a picture of a celebrity. But if someone (like Princess Diana) is doing something on a front la...

Ikea Case Study

IKEA Dr. Okan Geray Please read the IKEA case from the textbook and answer the following questions: 1. Explain, in detail, the aspects of IKEA strategy that make it a Hybrid strategy. A hybrid strategy is where the costs are low and the perceived benefits are high. In the case it is mentioned that IKEA is not for the rich and flamboyant but for the smart and practical people. This is clearly seen with the designs where it holds universal acknowledgement rather than cultural or national ideas.It blends into its furniture styling and design with low cost and has large stores where they guide their customers and incline them towards buying certain products that are displayed. The styling and design is then supported by low cost, on request or immediate delivery, which allows them to not only buy the product immediately but also transport them without must hassles. The flat packs allow logistical advantage and cost benefits and an informal infrastructure motivates the staff.The procureme nt is very intense and brings cost benefits and is also widely spread out across the world with suppliers in China and Sweden and their head quarters are based in Norway for tax savings. In the above ways IKEA brings higher benefits at lower costs to the consumer and therefore is a hybrid strategy. 2. Why is this strategy difficult for competitors to imitate? It is difficult for competitors to imitate because IKEA is a global furnishings company where as other competitors are highly focused into particular regions.This inaccessibility of its competitors limits its breadth of customer reach. Some of its competitors are not even specialised in furnishings but are more towards general stores there for specialisation benefits are lost. IKEA runs a strict cost cutting budget where it focuses more on costs and lesser towards design IKEA not only does provide furniture but also provide furnishing solutions where it has different variants of products to suite customer needs. It is aware of customer needs and is able to provide that at the correct price and at the same instant.The informal hierarchy forms unpredictable behaviour, which cannot be predicted, therefore cannot be imitated. 3. What are the dangers of a hybrid strategy and how can managers guard against them? There is a high risk that once the customer base has been established companies tend to drift towards increasing their products and providing additional services by charging additionally, even though this adds value to the product it alternately also adds costs which is directly against the policy of IKEA in this case.IKEA does provide additional services but with the optional additional charges which allows customers to choose cost savings Companies are also then inclined to reduce value but at the same historical price this lowers the perceived value of the product and pulls the company into the low cost category also robbing the company of its strategic advantage as a hybrid strategy player. Managers would need to recognise their hybrid strategy and their parameters that allow them to be in this category and enforce those parameters on the complete value chain.This does not imply to only the procurement and manufacturing of the products but also to the administrative aspects, such as seen with the CEO of IKEA UK. The designing of the product has been suited to the world market rather than specific market, this universal approach allows populations of different nationalities to relate to it, this collective design approach is a key factor in Ikeas marketing strategy and therefore any such products or designs favouring or resembling a particular culture unintentionally should be disassociated and discouraged.

Rocky Balboa Inspiration

To the handful of heroes I so highly regard, to choose one is a difficult task. From creative fictional works, like Indiana Jones, to very impacting historical figures, like Theodore Roosevelt, Rocky Balboa is a notable fictional character influencing my character. He is an iconic American Hero that impacts people's lives. He Is a well- known for epitomizing the underdog story and Influencing the minds and hearts of many. The depth and reliability he hold true to his values make him a superior to other characters in fictional works.Rocky Balboa, a man of masculinity, Is hardhearted with a vulnerability that allows people to see his true self. Here Is a man of no worth who Is a victim of self-inflicted misfortune with nothing to his name, but a dream; a dream to make his life better. This feat Is not accomplished overnight, through determination, hard work, and perseverance, he Is able to make his dream a reality. HIS dream Is modest for It was to not become the best, but be able to a mount to the best. He is able to go the distance and amount to something creating a Journey all can relate to. Stallion creates a character that inspires and enables the dreams of there.He exhibits values that I want to emulate. His character is one that set an example for me. Overtime I watch a Rocky movie, he inspires me to be a better man. He is my inspiration for being a person that feels like they have no place in the world. His ability to go the distance set a precedence in my minds and heart. Rocky changed me into a better man. His actions spoke to me, making me want to go the distance. He gives me a reason to live, giving me hope. He aspires to make something of himself when he, of all people, is given a chance to make his dream a reality.What he stands for is what I too would like to stand for. He taught me an important life lesson that impacted me so much when he said, â€Å"Life anti all about sunshine and rainbows, it's a cruel and nasty place that will beat you to your knees and leave you there if you let it; But it isn't about how hard you hit, it is about how hard you can get hit and keep moving forward† (Rocky Balboa). This quote carries meaning and resonates to me. He allows me to always move forward with life. Therefore making him an inspirational fictional character for all.

Rain Forests All The Way Essays - Ecosystems, Free Essays

Rain Forests All The Way Essays - Ecosystems, Free Essays Rain Forests All The Way Rain Forests All the Way The discussions these days are why are the rain forests depleting? Well this research will help change the opinions of many people. Some facts about rain forests are, Tropical rain forests occupy about 7 percent of the earths surface but harbor as much as 50 percent of the worlds plant and animal species. Also about 57 percent of all rain forests remaining are in the tropics in the Western Hemisphere: 30 percent are in Brazil. At the current rate of deforestation, tropical rain forests could be wiped out in 177 years. Less than 5 percent of the worlds tropical rain forests are protected within national parks and reserves (Steve Grant, 2). Rain forests are becoming very scarce and should be taking into concern because depletion of rain forests is a problem. One method of cutting down rain forests is slash-and-burn agriculture. Grant defines slash-and-burn agriculture as Smallholders that are cutting down four or five acres of forest and set it on fire. The resulting ash fertilizes the soils, which are notoriously poor in the tropics (1). Grant explains that now that there is only charred stumps left, a lot of light reaches the ground and is oppressively hot (1). In the past, a logger might take only a few trees per acre. While that would allow more light into the forest floor and raise the risk of fire (Grant, 2). So when people decide to cut down forests they are increasing the risk of fire. Rain forests have been burning up lately. An analysis of satellite by the EDF indicates that burning of rainforest land in Amazon increased 28% from 1996 to 1997 (Amazon rainforest, 1). Research shows A total of 19,115 fires are reported from the NOAA-12 satellite images in the sample in 1996, while 24,549 fires appear in the 1997 data over the period (1). One reason for rampant burning is that Brazils environmental agency has had no legal authority to enforce environmental law since 1989. A bill in the Brazilian congress that would close the loophole passed the Senate earlier this year, but has been blocked by special interests in the Lower House (2). So of the reasons why the burning continues is because of the government and the burning is increasing more and more because we need more land and crops. Since the statistics show that rain forest are getting burned up, the government and people need to start taking concern towards the rain forest. The point of this paper was to persuade people as a whole to take rain forest into concern and act on it. Some solutions to the problem are that the government should take better responsibility and take control of the burning of the rain forest. Also the people can help the government out by understanding the needs of our rain forest.

How to spark the curiosity of the readers

How to spark the curiosity of the readers How to "spark the curiosity of the readers" Alejandro Largo is one of our recent additions to Reedsy, and a fantastic designer. You can see some of his beautiful work for a variety of academic titles over at his Reedsy profile. Fun factoid: Alejandro has worked on several covers for texts within the humanities and social sciences, including philosophy, sociology, and literature, which are of course some of the most awesome of academic disciplines, at least according to a quick straw poll of the Reedsy offices. Meet Alejandro below. Enjoy!How did you get started in design, and how did you get into book covers specifically?I was fortunate to grow up in Colombia surrounded by art and design. My father, brother and uncle all are designers. When I was young, way before I knew what graphic design was, I would use to go to my dad’s office and be amazed by the vibe of a creative agency. At that point I knew I wanted to be in a creative field. When the time came to go to college, I had the opportunity to come to New York and att end the School of Visual Arts. During the program I got really interested in editorial design, especially book design. So much that I did my internship with Simon Schuster and my first job was designing book covers and interiors for Columbia University Press.Have you done much work with independent authors? If so, is there anything different about it compared to working with a traditional publisher?I haven’t had the chance to work with many independent authors yet, but I am excited about the prospect of working more directly with the author to create the cover. With a traditional publisher there are a lot channels you have to go through to get the cover approved internally before it even reaches the author for the first time. A more direct communication could allow us to create a cover that is relevant, interesting and stands out from the standard look you see on the shelfs.Thanks for your time Alejandro.Check out Alejandro’s profile and extensive portfolio.Follow Ree dsy on Twitter  , Facebook  and Google+

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 31

Case Study Example The answer to all of these questions is in fact quite simple. It is the respective company’s attitudes towards the employs that work for them that help to define the way the company is viewed in the marketplace and has certainly heavily contributed to the runaway success that they have been able to earn. All of these companies websites make it very clear on their careers panel that the very heart and soul of their business model rests on the thousands of employees that contribute to the larger enterprise. Far more than lip service, the success of the company combined with the marginally higher level of pay that they give to their employees as compared to their competitors help to make each of these firms into the success story that they engender today. Sadly, these cultural aspects of employment do not always correspond to the remainder of the marketplace. I distinctly recall working for more than 1 retail store that treated their employees as a disposable good. In this way, the loyalty of the employees was severely diminished and the moral that was necessary to implement many store policies was all but

Juvenile Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Juvenile Justice - Essay Example Eras of juvenile court Juvenile justice therefore was solely created to rehabilitate minors. Its evolution can be classified into three major Eras, namely: the pre-juvenile era, the juvenile court era and the juvenile rights. The pre-juvenile court Era (1600-1898) Before the establishment of a separate juvenile justice system, minor law breakers were dealt with by the family and communities. The family and the community were charged with the responsibility of ensuring that the children behaved in the most acceptable manner in the society. There were no established juvenile justice systems by then. The juvenile court Era (1899-1966) The first juvenile court was created in United States by juvenile court Act passed by Illinois’ Legislature. These court replaced family and the community at large, who were responsible for minors rehabilitation. The juvenile court therefore began to exercising guardianship rights, so that it could discover and correct conditions that contributed to the minors’ misconduct Juvenile rights Era (1967-1979) Because every establishment must have its critics, pros and cons based on the analysis on ground, the juvenile court system attracted many critics. ... I have a personal conviction that the juvenile rights Era were the most productive, as it ensured fair system of justice and juvenile right protection. In the other hand pre-juvenile court era as far as I am concerned, was damaging, because in many cases parents do sympathize with their children, leading to their forgiveness, hence no rehabilitation could take place if it was left in the hands of the parents so the rule of Stare Decisis should hold. Problems facing juvenile courts today Nevertheless, juvenile courts have been faced with many challenges, both administrative and legal issues. These problems have risen significantly and taken different paths. Many critics have come out to claim that the court system of justice have not properly embraced the zero tolerance policies on crimes. Moreover, researches have shown that juveniles in the court system don't always receive the best defense and ironically those teens that have lawyers often are treated worse than those who donâ€⠄¢t. All juvenile under trail should receive legal representatives and that the lawyers must make their defenses based on the constitution and law. Bearing in mind that the juvenile justice system has been accused of passing unfair judgments and harsh punishment to minors, formidable solution must be established to help correct this. First of all, children need to be educated on the effects of being arraigned in the juvenile court because it can psychologically affect them. Here prevention programs are very important as they will lead to decrease juvenile crimes. Future of juvenile justice If prevention programs are not considered, youths might continue facing psychological problems, with mental problem not in exception. Mental health programs

Hot Melt Extrusion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hot Melt Extrusion - Essay Example HME technique does not require time consuming drying step and compressing step; and therefore, the processing steps are significantly reduced. Due to fewer unit operations involved in HME operation, production time is greatly enhanced. During the HME process, the polymer-melt itself act as a thermal binder. HME eliminates problems arising from poorly compactible materials. An extruded rod obtained from HME procedure can be directly incorporated into tablets after cutting. Uniform dispersion of fine particles is obtained due to vigorous mixing and agitation conditions of HME operation. The energy requirements in HME process are low as compared to high shear granulation. The HME process requires lower investment for equipment as against other processes. HME technique also provides new strategies to increase dissolution rates for sparingly water soluble drugs, enhance bioavailability of the active ingredient, improve content uniformity of dosage formulation, modify drug release, and als o helps to mask the unpleasant taste of the drug (Repka et al. 1043; Crowley et al. 909). A single- or twin-screw extruders are used for HME process. The extruder is composed of a feeding hopper, barrels, single or twin screws, die, screw-driving unit, heating/cooling device for the barrels, conveyer belt to cool down the product, and solvent delivery pump. The monitoring devices on the equipment include temperature gauges, a screw-speed controller, an extrusion torque monitor and pressure gauges. During the HME process, first a dry powder blend of drug, polymer, and other adjuvants/additives is prepared. Then, this soild mixture is fed into the feeding section of the extruder. The material is transferred to the melting section. The heat is applied to the material in the melting section to form the polymer-melt. This molten mass is transferred in the metering section which is then

Plug-in hybrid Essay Example for Free

Plug-in hybrid Essay This is an analytical and comprehensive approach for preparing marketing plan for Toyota Prius, the hybrid car, consists of formulating strategies and implementing them, with suggestions for recommended changes and implementing the plan. Toyota is well known for its innovative and excellent quality cars all over the world. Toyota has started the hybrid project in about 1991 and launched its first concept in 1997. It is Toyota that made this revolution of hybrid cars a success story. The Global, 21st century known as G-21 team worked on the Prius. It aims in focussing the target market in Australia, in main cities like Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide, Perth, Canberra, Brisbane, etc. the main focus is on the two kinds of buyers in the market, i. e. the private buyers and the corporate and fleet buyers. The distribution is done through the strong network of 211 dealers in Australia. There is proper training to the dealer about the car and its features as its technology is new in the market. This also helps to solve customers’ objections and their queries. The promotion is done through Medias like television shows, advertisement with celebrity, news paper and magazine. Also through the personnel marketing where the dealer meet and communicate with customers personally. Internet is the modern means of marketing and advertisement. The costing of the car is issue at present movement. But it could be solved with help of government policy and the company’s discount. As the technology improves the cars will be cheaper and can be affordable by lower income segment. Table of content TopicPage No. 1. Introduction4 2. Mission Statement4 3. Situation Analysis4 3. 1. Internal environment4 3. 1. 1. Products4 3. 1. 2. Financial and non-financial situation5 3. 1. 3. Channels5 3. 2. External Environment6 3. 2. 1. Markets6. 3. 2. 2. Competitive environment6 3. 2. 3. Economic environment7 3. 2. 4. Demographic environment7 3. 2. 5. Social and cultural environment7 3. 2. 6. Political and legal environment7 3. 2. 7. Technological environment8 3. 3. SWOT analysis8 3. 4. Critical issues9 4. Marketing Objectives10 5. Marketing Strategies10 5. 1. Target markets10 5. 2. Product strategies11 5. 3. Pricing strategies11 5. 4. Promotion strategies11 5. 5. Distribution strategies12 6. Recommendations for change12 7. Implementation plan13 8. References A. Appendices14 14 1. Introduction: Toyota Motor Corporation is Japanese company and one of the world’s largest automaker. Toyota has created philosophies and techniques which are now implemented commonly in every organisation in the world which is called as the Toyota-style management and manufacturing technique. Toyota is well known for designing and manufacturing of concepts and future cars. Toyota was the first company to manufacture powerful and high quality hybrid car in the year 1997 (Chambers, 2008). Toyota used combination of fossil fuel and electricity for power and manufactured its well known car called ‘Prius’, which gained popularity all over the world within short time. Toyota launched hybrid Prius in Australia in 2001. We will be discussing about the marketing plan of Prius in Australian market and revolution it would create in automotive market. 2. Mission Statement: Toyota’s mission is to deliver outstanding automotive product and to provide service to their customers. It also aims in enriching our community, partners, and environment. Toyota’s four core values are customer first priority, respect for the people, international focus, continuous improvement and innovation . 3. Situation Analysis: It is the analysis of the vast amount of information regarding the organisation, product and the situation they are facing (Cohen, 2005). It consists of various environmental factors and experts call it as process of environmental scanning. 3. 1. Internal Environment: It consists of the situation inside the organisation and its internal working. It can be regarding the product, channels, and financial situation. 3. 1. 1. Product: Toyota has launched wide range of products in Australia which is divided in four segments passenger, four wheel drive and sports utility vehicles, commercial vehicles and Toyota racing development (TRD). Prius comes in the passenger segment of cars. It began in the year 1992; Toyota announced its plans to develop a car with lowest possible emission. It created committee called G-21, G known as global and 21 is twenty-first century. In 1994 the concept car named â€Å"Prius† was developed. Prius is a hybrid car which is combination of fossil fuel and electricity. It used patented Hybrid Synergy Drive system which enables car to give a whooping mileage of 100 kilometres in 4. 4litres of fuel. 3. 1. 2. Financial and non-financial situation: Toyota has large manufacturing facility at Altona, and since 2004 Toyota has invested 800 million in Australian manufacturing plant. Toyota has generated sales revenue of $9. 284 billion and has total assets of $2. 478 billion as of December, 2007. Total exports for 2007 were $1. 7 billion inclusive of parts. Toyota has 4720 employees and about 11,300 dealer employees. It produces about 148,931 vehicles and 112,415 engines. It has domestic sales of 236,647 and exports of 97,688 units to 23 countries. http://www. toyota. com. au/about/key-facts . 3. 1. 3. Channels: â€Å"Distribution channels are set of interdependent organisations involved in the process of making a product or service available for use or consumption by the consumer or industrial user† (Kotler and Armstrong, 2004 p). Toyota is known for its â€Å"just-in-time† production system. It produces car when there is demand from customers. There is direct network between manufacturer of components and Toyota, so that it does not have to maintain inventory. Toyota has wide network of 211 dealers in Australia. Toyota fulfils its consumers demand by its dealer network where approximately 11,300 employees serve. http://www. toyota. com. au/about/key-facts . 3. 2. External Environment: The company’s macro-environment, now known as external factors are uncontrollable forces that the company must watch and also respond to (Kotler and Armstrong, 19871). Fig. 1. (Source: Kotler, et. al [2006], pg: 169) 3. 2. 1. Markets: â€Å"A market is the set of actual and potential buyers of a product† (Kotler and Armstrong, 2004 pg7). The potential buyers of hybrid car are from higher income group and they stay in metropolitan cities. Hybrid car market can be developed in developed countries and advanced cities. Hybrid car owners are educated and have concern towards environmental factors. Hybrid car owners are few years older than average car buyers . 3. 2. 2. Competitive environment: Toyota was the first develop hybrid passenger car called Prius. The biggest competitor of Toyota is Honda. Honda has its hybrid model Insight which poses competition to Prius. Recently ford has also launched hybrid version of its popular SUV Escape. Ethanol blended fuel car also pose competition to hybrid cars, as they have low emission and good mileage. Also non-hybrid cars are not much costly as compared to hybrid cars. 3. 2. 3. Economic environment: â€Å"Factors that affect consumer buying power and spending patterns† (Kotler and Armstrong, 2004 p71). Considering the positive side, many companies gives special offers and incentives to encourage purchasing of hybrid vehicle. There are also Government rebates to encourage buying of hybrid vehicles. Considering the negative side customer has to pay around five to seven thousand dollars more for hybrid vehicle against non-hybrid vehicles. The battery and electric motor replacement are costly parts. Repairs and maintenance facilities are limited to dealerships only. 3. 2. 4. Demographic environment: Demographic environment is very much interest to the marketers. As demography involve people and it is the people who make the market for any product. The private market is an important market, where the consumer is either male or female and in the age group of 30 to 50 years old. The consumers are from wealthy class, they are educated, well informed and they are from AB socio-economic segment. Hence the consumer can be in profession like administrative, or higher managerial or professional occupation who are ready to purchase environmental-friendly car and also pay more for its exceptional features. 3. 2. 5. Social and cultural environment This environment represents the effect of religion, fashion, population trends; social issues like equality and social movements such as environmentalism (Dann, 2004). The customers are from higher income group. Customers have higher level of education, who is concerned about environmental crises. Prius focuses on the customers with age group few years older than the average car buyers, and mostly women prefer for this car. It is preferred by customers who drive fewer miles and ready to pay more for their car. 3. 2. 6. Political and legal environment Australia is quite receptive towards foreign firms to invest in country. Government attract foreign investment by giving various incentives. Australia is politically stable country and has democratic government. So there are less risk for change of policy, increase of duty, blocking company’s property and currency and takeover of company’s property. Government bureaucracy is also important factor which help companies with good market information, efficient custom handling (Kotler and Armstrong, 2004). 3. 2. 7. Technological environment Toyota was first company to successfully launch a hybrid commercial vehicle. High level of research and development and after a long experiment Toyota launched Prius in late 1997. It has developed patented hybrid system called Hybrid Synergy Drive. It provides a combination of electric power and fossil fuel which gives an eye-catching mileage of about 100 kilometres in 4. 4liter of fuel. This technology gives high power output and greater performance as it is combination of fuel and electricity. Due to this combination the car goes for more kilometres in less fuel. This car has fewer emissions and pollutants problem. We can say that hybrid technology gives us clean, powerful and efficient car. 3. 3. SWOT analysis: SWOT analysis is the overall evaluation of company’s strengths, weakness, opportunities, and threat. Strengths: ?Toyota is one of the world’s largest car manufacturers having reliable and high quality image. ?A hybrid car cuts emission by 25% to 30% ?‘Just-In-Time’ production ?It has greater fuel economy typically around 100 kilometres in 4. 4litres ? Government gives incentives on hybrid cars. ?It has the â€Å"green† image for car. ?It is â€Å"new† and successful technology. Weakness: ?There is high cost involved in research and development and technology is costly. ?The car is much pricier than non-hybrid cars. ?Fuel saving is limited, and only if the car is driven within the limit. ?It has low speed? Customers has limited choice ?The maintenance can be costly as lot of electronics and computer are involved Opportunities: ?Targeting the people who are environmentally conscious. ?It can be used to lower the global warming concerns ?As technology becomes more and more affordable, car can introduced in lower income segment ? There is also scope for future government policy for transition to hybrid technology. Threats: ?In non-hybrid cars with gasoline and ethanol blend, gives good mileage and have lower emission problem ? Diesel technology also gives good mileage, but has emission problems ? There are threats from small cars like Honda Civic or Mazda 3 which are fuel efficient and less costly than hybrid cars. ?To pay four to six thousand dollars more to get twenty five percent improvement can be a tough decision to make. 3. 4. Critical Issues: ?Will the cost of hybrid cars Prius be reduce? ?Can lower economic segment of society be able to buy Prius? ?Can the maintenance of car and parts become cheaper? ?Will customers have a variety of hybrid models to choose from? ?Can Prius become more fuel efficient? ?Can the emission be reducing to almost negligible? ?Should Toyota focus its research on other type of hybrid vehicles? 4. Marketing Objectives: ?Customers and consumers should be made aware of new product i. e. Toyota Prius. ?Increasing shareholders wealth which is achieved by higher profits and increased sales. ?As this is new product and having new technology, the objective is to educate consumers and explain its working and advantage of this. ?Prius should me made marketed so as to make it valid alternative to traditional cars. ?Customers should be communicated through website, brochures, visiting local dealer and ordering test drive to know about Prius. ?Communication should lead to purchase, and also number of visits to dealer should be turned into sales. 5. Marketing Strategy: Marketing strategy also known as ‘the game plan’ is used to fulfil the plan’s objective. It consist of strategy for target markets, product strategy, pricing strategy, promotion and distribution strategy (Kotler et. al, 2006). 5. 1. Target markets: Target market consists of a set of buyers who share common needs or characteristics that the company has decided to serve (Kotler et. al, 2007). Toyota is the first mass produced hybrid car. Hybrid car market is new and having light competitive. Prius belong to the lower to medium passenger car segment. Toyota has competition from Honda’s Insight, which is the two-seat sports car. But it is not offering the features like Prius. Prius focuses on providing comfort to passenger segment i. e. C, so there is strong competition in this segment . The target market for Prius concentrate on two major categories: the customers and consumer. Customers are corporate buyers and fleet. Customers buy cars either for corporate hire / rental or for company fleets. Toyota can make tie-ups with corporate and provide special offers to them. They can be reached through business press and media. Since Prius is low in operating cost and its environmental friendly features makes it interesting for business buyers. In consumer market, Prius focuses on consumer who is few years older than average car buyers. It focuses especially females with higher income group. Consumers who are eco friendly and educated are also targeted . 5. 2. Product strategies: â€Å"It is the total benefit that the seller offers through its product features to its customers† (Dann and Dann, 2004 p20). Toyota Prius is a product which requires high involvement and it’s having unique features, which require personal selling. Personal selling can be achieved through the dealer network, which will be given special training about the car, its advantages and also trained to overcome objections form customers. Personal training is also useful to target corporate customers and fleet buying customers, who buy fleet of cars for rental or corporate use, by convincing them about the environmental factors and efficiency in long term use. Dealers should also personally visit the potential buyer group, like environmental friendly and higher income group. 5. 3. Pricing strategies: â€Å"Pricing strategy is a cost to the customer incurred by acquiring and using the products† (Dann and Dann, 2004 p20). As Prius is new technology and new product in market it is some-what costly than other traditional cars. To make people buy Prius, company should implement sales promotion and there should be incentives to buy Prius. This helps product to be accepted in market at its early stage of life-cycle. There should be tie-ups with government to encourage the sale of hybrid and clean cars. Government should give incentives to buy low emission and hybrid cars. Currently Prius is available between ranges of $37,400 to $46,900. This price tag is quite high as compared to other cars of the same segment. 5. 4. Promotion strategies: â€Å"Promotion strategy is the use of audio and visual communications, elements of marketing for the purpose of getting a message to the market place† (Dann and Dann, 2004 p20). The promotion of the Prius can be done through mass communication media. There should be continuous advertisement in news papers and magazines about the cars and its features. Television commercials are expensive, but they are very effective strategy in promotion. Other media is radio and hoardings which can influence customers to buy car. The brand image of the product can be made by sponsoring some sports events or similar kind of promotion, which will boosts sales of the car. One of the better ways to promote Prius is associate it with some celebrity from Hollywood or some sports or cricket personality. This will create a different image of car for the people. 5. 5. Distribution strategies Distribution strategy plays an important role in marketing. Toyota is having wide network of 211 dealers in Australia. The retail private buyer i. e. consumer will buy the car from the franchised dealer network. There should be special dealers for the fleet buyers, who buy cars in fleet for corporate or rental use, so as to demonstrate the benefits and advantage of hybrid car. This should be directly connected to company so that the cars can be customised according to the need of the corporate users. There should be strong supplier network. Distribution strategy should be set for the supplier network also so that it receives components and parts on just-in-time basis. 6. Recommendations for change: As Prius is new concept with new technology, there should be rigorous testing on the car so that product is placed at strong position in market. Testing with the customer and consumer makes their ideas clear about the car and encourage them to go for hybrid car. There should be campaigns and promotion activities for corporate and fleet buying customers. Company should carry out seminars and demonstration for customer, where they are explained the benefits of hybrid cars and its benefits in long term use. There should be personal promotion strategy used by the dealer. The existing customers of Toyota and the owners of expensive car should be contacted by mail and telephone to create awareness for the vehicle. Company should create awareness about environmental concern and rising fuel price. Government should participate in promotion activity to use hybrid cars by giving incentives or tax benefits for the hybrid car customers. There should be research and development to reduce the cost of the car. There should be specialised dealer network for specialised hybrid car like Prius. Television, print media, radios; hoardings are one of the best means for the promotion activity. 7. Implementation plan: The above recommended plan can be implemented by using various promotion activities. The dealer should make the car run on streets of city with promotional advertisement on the car. This creates direct impact on the people. The car should be promoted by television programs which deal with cars like the Top Gear on BBC, which can create a positive image of the car. Promotional activity can be carried out by the use of print media in business magazine like The Time, Fortune, etc. also in daily news papers and periodicals. Outdoor billboards should be placed in busy areas like station and in urban areas. Internet can be used to directly reach to people. There should be online brochures and facility to have detailed specification of car. Customers should be able to book car online and also test drive. Time line must be set and there should be target number of vehicles that must be sold within the time frame. There should be attractive price and attractive looks and features that will force people to buy the car. 8. References: CHAMBERS K [2008] â€Å"Toyota† Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut, London. DANN S and DANN S [2004] â€Å"Introduction to Marketing† John Wiley and Sons Australia, Ltd. KOTLER P and ARMSTRONG G [2007] â€Å"Marketing – an introduction† 3rd ed. Prentice Hall Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. KOTLER P, BROWN L, ADAM S, BURTON S and ARMSTRONG G [2007] â€Å"Marketing† 7th ed. Pearson Prentice Hall, Australia. Website: [http://www. toyota.com. au/about/vision] accessed 2/03/2009, 0900hrs. [http://andidas. deviantart. net/projects/academic/MaketingCommunications_ToyotaPriusMarketingPlan. pdf] accessed 2/02/2009, 1000hrs. [http://www. toyota. co. jp/en/tech/environment/hsd/pdf/a_guide_to_hsd. pdf] accessed 1/02/2009, 1100hrs. [http://www. toyota. com. au/about/key-facts] accessed 1/02/2009, 1100hrs. [http://www. hybridcars. com/hybrid-drivers/profile-of-hybrid-drivers. html] accessed 2/02/2009, 1600hrs. A. Appendices: Figure 1. Major Force in organisation’s macro environment.

Exploring the Ruin of Man in Rappaccinis Daughter Essay -- Rappaccini

Exploring the Ruin of Man in Rappaccini's Daughter    Who will redeem man from his evil tendencies and his fallen state?   Nathaniel Hawthorne in "Rappaccini's Daughter" delves into the nature of man and reveals that the evil imaginations and machinations of man may eventually lead to his ruin. "Rappaccini's Daughter" is a story set in the mid-nineteenth century in Padua, Italy, a country well known for its romantic stories and history. This period in time was marked by various scientific discoveries, especially in medicine. This boom led to extensive debates on science and religion. There was the argument of whether or not to let things happen naturally or to interfere with the processes of nature. It begins with a student, Giovanni Guasconti, who comes to the University of Padua to "pursue his studies" (Hawthorne 45) but falls in love with Beatrice, the daughter of a very famous botanist Dr. Rappaccini who cultivates a poisonous garden. Despite the fact that Giovanni Guasconti had "but a scanty supply of gold ducats in his pocket, he took lodgings in a high and gloomy chamber... [fit] to have been the palace of a Paduan noble" (Hawthorne 45). This been "the first time he was out of his native sphere,... [Giovanni] was unused to Padua and missed Naples and the cheerful sun shine of Southern Italy" (Hawthorne 46).   Giovanni portrays the generation in search of knowledge. "Beneath his window [was] a garden [consisting] of a variety of plants which seemed to have been cultivated with exceeding care" (Hawthorne 46). Strategically located in the center of the garden was "the ruin of a marble fountain...[whose] water continued to gush and sparkle into the sunbeams as cheerful as ever" (Hawthorne 46) just as "[Beatrice's] sp... ...   "The myth of the Garden: Nathaniel Hawthorne's 'Rappaccini's Daughter'".   Studies in the Literary Imagination II, 1969,   (pp. 3-12) Evans, Oliver   "Allegory and Incest in 'Rappaccini's Daughter'" 19th Century Fiction" Vol. 19, 1964, (pp. 185-195) Genesis   " The Bible" Hawthorne, Nathaniel "The House of Seven Gables" (1851) http://eldred.ne.mediaone.net/nh/sg10.html September 1998, (December 1998) Hawthorne, Nathaniel   "The Marble Faun" (1859-60) http://eldred.ne.mediaone.net/nh/mf19.html September 1998   (December 1998) Hawthorne, Nathaniel   "Rappaccini's Daughter" "American Short Stories" (1820 to the present). Jones, Madison   "Short Story Criticism" Vol. 3 1989 (pp. 191-193) Kloeckner, Alfred   "The flower and the Fountain: Hawthorne's chief symbols in 'Rappaccini's Daughter'" "American Literature" Vol. 38, 1966-67 (pp323 -331)  

Metaqualone

Methaqualone is sedative-hypnotic drug that is similar in effect to barbiturates, a general Central Nervous System depressant. This drug was mainly used in the 1960s and 1970s for the treatment of insomnia, and as a muscle relaxant. Methaqualone was first synthesized in India in 1951 by Lindra Kishore Kacker and Syed Hussain Zaheer. By 1965 it was the most commonly prescribed sedative in Britain. In 1972 it was the sixth bestselling sedative in the US, where it was legal under the brand name Quaalude. Methaqualone is a drug that helps the relief of tension, mental stress, and anxiety. Short Term Effects Short term effects include a reduction of mental activity, cardiac and respiratory depression, drowsiness, reduced heart rate, reduced respiration and increased sexual arousal. The abuse of this drug gives rise to a barbiturate-type dependence. Long Term Effects Liver damage can result from long term abuse of methaqualone or from ingestion of heavily adulterer methaqualone. The liver is responsible for metabolizing or processing drugs in the body, and impurities in the drug can cause irreversible damage to the organ. Methaqualone also affects muscle movement and coordination and can produce parethesia, a â€Å"pins and needles† sensation, commonly in the face and fingers. Large doses also cause a heightened pain threshold, and uncontrolled muscle twitching. Physically Addicting or Psychologically Addicting Methaqualone is highly addictive both physically and psychologically, and continuous moderate to heavy usage leads to tolerance, dependence, and withdrawal symptoms. Death Associated with Drug Coma and death can result from using methaqualone. Ingestion of more than 800 mg of methaqualone in an adult and 150 mg in a child is considered toxic. The average lethal oral dose is 8-20 grams (100-200 mg/kg) and coma can occur after ingestion of 2. 4 grams. Methaqualone can also cause coma or death at lower levels if it is taken with another CNS depressant such as alcohol. Slang/Street Names of Drug Common street names for methaqualone are: Quaalude, Lude, Quat, Quad, Mandex, and Sopors. How the Drug is Taken Methaqualone can be injected, and also taken orally. It is manufactured in tablets or capsules. Methaqualone can also be found in brown, gray or black tacky powder. An average dose of methaqualone is about 3 grams but it also depends on the persons body height, weight, and the use of any other drug. Within 4-8 hours of taking the drug the user may experience slurred speech. Affects on Fetal Development Methaqualone passes through the breast milk in lactating women. Animal studies have shown the drug to cause birth defects when used during pregnancy. References http://www. streetdrugs. org. [email  protected] org. Copyright Publishers Group, 1996. Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse. http://www. well. com/user/woa/fsseda. htm

Racial Profiling Essay

Racial profiling is a big issue. Many people have been victimized because of cops and other high authorities’ senseless attitudes on how to handle the law. What people have to realize is that racial profiling does happen to innocent people who are mostly targeted or pursued because of their race or sometimes even because of their religion. These things can also cause citizens to become very angry and unwilling to cooperate with law enforcement. Racial profiling has been the cause of many outbreaks of riots. There has even been many riots because of innocent people being racial profiled against; causing citizens to become antagonistic, bitter, and hateful towards the law. This can be a problem because they even target good police. The cause of racial profiling can start not only hostile attitudes, but a shift in the views of how police treat citizens. Racial profiling is a method that police and other law enforcement agents use to catch someone who has committed a crime or is about to commit one. It is a controversial method. In fact, even the meaning of racial profiling is controversial† (Kops, Pg. 9). Racial profiling is a very controversial topic, because this topic makes people uneasy to talk about. It’s especially hard for victims who have been racial profiled against because of the memory of their terrible experience. â€Å"In 1942, over 120,000 American were stripped of their business and their homes and incarcerated for the duration of World War II. They had committed no offense. They were convicted of no crime. They were suspected, subjected to curfews, arrested, had their property confiscated, and finally imprisoned because of the color of their skin and their national origin or the national origin of their parents† (Meeks, Pg. ). Situations like this can cause a shift in the government where they have constant issues on how to approach citizens because of the fear of being accused of discriminating against people. This sometimes has citizens wondering is it okay for police to check you if they â€Å"think† you are committing a crime? Well there have been mixed answers when the law is confronted with this question. Also this can cause tension between cops and the law enforcement because of all the animosity and stress of being constantly accused of racial profiling. There have been retired cops who have written books talking about their experience as a cop. Some give details that outsiders wouldn’t know about the cop’s secret jobs. Is it possible that good police are afraid? This could be the reason why; they could also be afraid that if they tell too much they could possibly lose their job. But just as there are good cops, there are also bad cops. Like the ones who harass people for no reason; simply because of the physical features. â€Å"An officer’s daily duties require them to violate the rights of others, without question, on a repeated basis (see video – 2min in). Police routinely fine or jail, at taxpayer expense, people whose crimes lack an actual victim. Whether it is for driving without a license, disorderly conduct or illegal drugs, police are the ones enforcing such laws. More surprisingly is it seems they do so only because they are told to, and believe such violations are acceptable to keep others safe (this doesn’t even include officers who blatantly and knowingly abuse their power)† (Freeman). Is it a thing of giving law enforcement too much power? Many people have many complaints that the law has access to how they suspect if the person is in the wrong. This is a prime example of why there can be a separation between cops. However, often many good cops are targeted for a crooked cop’s bad deed. With this happening it scares away potential cops; who are afraid of this horrible thing happening to them, which has citizens and other authorities on edge. The lack of law enforcement would be a huge problem; without the law the crime rate could possibly reach an ultimate high. Law enforcement is supposed to be put in place as a security, and protection for citizens. But how can you trust them when they also commit crimes. It makes it even harder for citizens to report a crime because they are afraid of what might happen to them. Bad cops are considering somewhat professionals at pulling big schemes. They can pull off these schemes because of the connections they have with even high authorities. Some schemes could be tied to drug trafficking and many other things. But are once they are accused of such heinous crime, why are these issues sometimes forgotten about? It’s like the process of prosecuting these police are constantly kept quiet. Well it’s about time that it’s brought public. â€Å"Negative stereotypical biases of African-American males overshadow any appearances that they are law-abiding citizens. Indeed, in the eyes of many law enforcement officers, an African-American male driving a Mercedes-Benz projects the presumption of illegal activity, not the presumption of a hard working citizen† (Weatherspoon). Keeping these things private can cause more attention to what are they really doing. But no one is taking a stand and asking questions; simply because of fear of becoming a target of the police. â€Å"The term driving while black has been used to describe the practice of law enforcement officials to stop African-American drivers without probable cause. The practice particularly targets African-American males. African-American males are not only singled out while driving, but also while schooling, eating, running for political office, walking, banking, serving as a juror, getting a taxi, shopping, and just being black and a male. The mere fact of being black and male in America is sufficient cause for governmental and private law enforcement officials to abridge the rights of African-American males. This is not to suggest that law enforcement officers can never consider race when performing their job† (Weatherspoon). African American males are not the only people who are targeted. For example, during the Holocaust Jews were killed, beaten, starved, and a lot of other horrific things all because of their religion and race. â€Å"The European Holocaust of the 1930s and 1940s, which cost millions of Jews (and other ethnic groups) their lives, led many Jews and non- Jews alike throughout the world to believe that a Jewish homeland was necessary. During and after World War II, many Jewish refugees found themselves without a nation and with nowhere to go† (Jones, Johnstone, Pg. 358). Racial profiling seems to never have an end. Many cases you hear about how racial profiling still exists ‘til this very day. The question that everyone should be asking is, â€Å"why should a person race, religion, or beliefs determine how they are judged? â€Å"Racial profiling is an abusive practice that targets innocent citizens solely because of the way that they look. It is not an effective law enforcement strategy. Research shows that racial profiling diverts officers’ attention from using actual, objective signs of suspicious behavior to effectively assess situations. Racial profiling erodes trust between law enforcement and its community. As a result, people are less likely to report a crime or work with the police to give information that could apprehend an actual criminal† (Elliot). This statement is true; racial profiling really is not a strategic method. Since this method has been put in place it has done nothing but cause an upset to the community. Communities have had negative feelings towards racial profiling. So why is this still a method? No one seems to ask this important question that could change the law enforcement system. Changing the system could make a better relationship between citizens and law enforcement. Because more citizens may be willing to open up more to the law, without feeling like they can’t trust police. Before this solution could be an option the law enforcement should make an extra effort with making sure that the community knows that they can trust they are truly secured. â€Å"While there have been attempts to end racial profiling in Congress, no bill has successfully been passed. Communities across the country have been subjected to this useless, degrading tactic for too long. Now is the time for Congress to reintroduce and pass comprehensive legislature to end racial profiling† (Elliot). Congress has yet to make any decisions about eliminating racial profiling. But that doesn’t mean that change won’t happen. Racial profiling as stated in within this research paper is a very controversial topic, but it also a sad topic. The way a person can be mistreated just because of the color of their skin. When reading the facts about racial profiling it is saddening to know that a person can be humiliated and tortured over nothing. Victims of racial profiling are caught off guard, because they have no clue of why they have become a target. Some people are targeted because of their religion; for example a Muslim lady could become a target of racial profiling because of her head wrapped. Muslims have became targets ever since the 9/11 incident. â€Å"Since September 11, 2001, members of Arab, Muslim, and South Asian communities have increasingly been searched, interrogated and detained in the name of â€Å"national security†, often times labeled â€Å"terrorism suspects† when in reality many were only charged with misdemeanors or minor immigration violations, if they were charged at all† (Racial Profiling: Face the Truth Campaign). African-American males are also targeted, because of how they present themselves. This can make some African- American males uneasy to go out in public, because of the fear of being watched and seen for the clothes they wear. â€Å"As a result, community members become less likely to assist with criminal investigations or seek protection from police when they themselves are victimized, which makes everyone less safe† (Racial Profiling: Face the Truth Campaign). Communities are now starting to stick together, by not helping the police. Some feel that they should not help the police when the police attack innocent people.